Roman concrete

Historic References: Temple of Mercury in Baiae featuring the oldest concrete dome. Vitruvius recommending pozzolana for lime mortars. Introduction of hydraulic concrete in coastal structures. Caesarea harbor showcasing underwater Roman concrete technology. Neros building code post the fire in 64 AD promoting brickfaced concrete. Material Properties: Roman concrete composition: aggregate and hydraulic mortar. Aggregate components: rock, ceramic tile, lime clasts, and brick rubble. Binders used: gypsum, quicklime, and pozzolana. Selfrepairing property of lime clasts when reacting with water. Roman concrete’s characteristics: little plasticity but resistant to tensile stresses. Seismic Technology: Concrete mass interruptions and internal constructions for earthquake accommodation. Flexibility of bricks and concrete enhancing overall structure strength. Strength and stability enhancement through gradation in domes like the Pantheon. Pantheon’s dome aggregate: alternating layers of light tuff and pumice. Use of travertine as an aggregate for higher density in the Pantheon’s foundation. Modern Use: Recent scientific studies on Roman concrete attracting industry interest. Exploration of Romanstyle concrete in North America for durability and ecofriendliness. Utilization of coal fly ash as a volcanic ash replacement in modern concrete. Costeffectiveness and longer lifespan of concrete made with fly ash. Study of Roman concrete in marine environments for contemporary applications. Additional Resources: Literature references exploring Roman concrete and architecture. Various external links discussing the durability and applications of Roman concrete. References to documentaries, studies, and articles on Roman concrete technology. Related topics like Energetically Modified Cement, Geopolymer, Roman brick, and Pozzolanic activity. Books, articles, and studies providing insights into Roman concrete technology and its significance.